Friday, May 20, 2005
I got a questionnaire from Fulcrum asking some very basic questions.
1. What is and what isn't poetry? What is poetry's essential nature (if any)?
Poetry is the art form that uses language as its medium. That’s a very broad statement & doesn’t tell you a lot. But, beyond that, any discussion of “essential nature” has to be about the old & tired problems of essentialism in general, not poetry.
2. What is the most important poetry? Who are the greatest poets? What do they accomplish?
The best art in any medium is that which expands our understanding of the possibilities of the medium itself. This can be done in many different ways & any history of American painting of the last century that doesn’t put Warhol on the same plane ultimately with Pollock isn’t credible, I would think, just as one that tried to place Rothko or Rauschenberg on that same plateau would not be credible. If you look at poetry dispassionately, it becomes very clear who moved the art forward, or at least in a new direction, over time. This is not necessarily “progress,” in the modernist sense of that term, but it is always movement, evolution.
3. What is the relationship between poetry and truth? Is there such a thing as poetic truth?
A poet who directly understands & confronts his or her medium has an opportunity to address questions such as truth. One who uses language instrumentally, as a second-order mechanism to get at some “truths” that lie elsewhere is not only a bad writer, but a dishonest one.
4. How does poetry relate to the human condition?
Each of the major arts corresponds to one of our basic media, literally our senses. Poetry – the art of language – literally is the only one that rises out of a media uniquely possessed by the human species. Other species have sight & sound & respond to mass & texture. But unless you think that the whales are chatting down there in that human cesspool we have made of the oceans, only humans truly have language.
5. Is there (or can there be) a meaningful philosophy of poetry?
This is a trick question, sort of a linguistic Moebius strip. Poetry is the active side of the coin of which philosophy is the opposing face.
6. Does the fundamental nature of poetry change over time?
Only slightly. The last “fundamental” change came with the emergence of the book in the 1500s. At the same time, poetry is – and should always be – as sensitive to the cultural and social environment as any art form. The idea of writing poetry in the same forms as were used in the 1890s is exactly the same as the idea of writing music in the same forms & arrangements as were used in the 1890s.
7. Is there one "poetry" or are there "poetries"?
It depends on how you define it. If you mean poetry literally, as the art of language, then even the novel is a (degraded) part of poetry. But if you try mapping this art against the complex topology of social & linguistic groups that are forever in contention in the world, you will never stop counting poetries.
8. What makes a genuinely great poem?
This is the second question all over again, asked in functional terms. But the answer is the same – any poem that expands our experience of & insight into the medium of poetry qualifies.
9. What is the relationship between tradition and innovation in poetry?
Change in poetry really is how we sense the friction of social contexts against the medium of language. A poem must make itself new every day. Poets who write as if this were still the 1950s are the equivalent of lounge singers belting out the hits of Johnny Ray or Nat King Cole. Poets who write as if this were still the 1850s are simply pathological.
10. Is a particular poetic method (e.g. the "lyricist," "formalist," "free verse," "experimental," or any other approach) preferable?
No. Any method that enables a poet to confront and expand their relationship to the medium is adequate, and that can be understood in more than one way.
11. Are there deep associations between poetics and politics? Please give some evidence.
I think most poets would love it if this were true, but the history of literature suggests that the medium is amoral. It’s what poets do with it that matters.
12. What fundamental misconceptions about poetry annoy you most, and how would you correct or refute them?
Most of the questions in this survey would qualify, as they attempt to connect poetry up to a discourse of “timeless truths,” “essentials,” “fundamentals” and “greatness” that was laughable when Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, H.D. & Marianne Moore were still students in
#5 strikes me as true.
#9 makes me wish I had time to revisit "Tradition and Individual Talent" this morning in order to drum up a better counter argument for you.
#11 requires some elaboration before I can be sure I disagree with you.
-jeremy
Re: #5: You didn't answer the question. Philosophy and poetry are different, but the question is can we have a philosophy OF poetry? That's what you seem to be about doing in your website.
You're being partly evasive on #7: Then, you're saying poetry is everything.
#11: Hooray! Now you're on the right track!
Re: #12: Answer: More interesting responses!
Re#3:
I suspect the "truths that lie elsewhere" (outside the realms of language) get thru somehow. The essence of a poem has little to do with the words (language) used & everything to do with the raw naked honesty of the poet wrestling his medium.
Reminds me of a friend's response to a poem of mine "I like it a lot but I'd have used different words". Sounds preposterous but after a few days I got what she meant. There's always something under the language (independent of the language?) that the reader connects to: humanity?
I often have the sneaking suspicion that my engagement with the language is my controlled folly - it's simply what I need to do to get my energy out there.
IrishGit
Is it the narrative that degrades or at least adulterates the poetry of a novel, or simply the fact that good, exciting, artistic writing is generally not expected of fiction, even most of the "cutting edge" stuff? Is a narrative poem equally degraded? Just curious how you (and others) think about this.
Then I'd say by this very argument, the emergence of the novel in the late 17th century pretty much sublated poetry. The novel is the only truly "modern" form, the only literary form to respond immediately to the demands and forces of modernity. Since then, poetry has at best become more "novelish" (as Bakhtin argued many years ago). Nearly every innovation in poetry over the last 100 years has come from the novel. Chekhov was a master of parataxis long before it became a sign of hip priests and poetry shakers.
When the intelligence is applied this glaringly it tends to be repulsive & doesn't go far in changing hearts & minds.
When questions are answered this smugly & harshly then I feel the void that's left.
I'm with Irishgit on this one.
Language is still only a medium, & a poem is still only a vessel.
If the poet has the heart then she'll fill it with love.
If she doesn't THEN she's a bad poet.
Have you retired yet?
Now there's a woman with heart.
I'm generally with you on dismissing these sorts of questions, especially when put to poets in a poetry forum. But think of the layman, or even the philosopher, for a moment. When Wittgenstein says that "philosophy ought really to be composed as poetry", we are entitled to ask, OK, what then is poetry? In what sense should this other form of writing be like it?
And here your answers are just a bit too, as you say, broad. I think of Pound's comparison in the ABC.
"A canzone is a composition of words set to music,"
is one sort of thing you might say, and
"a great poet is everywhere present, and nowhere visible as a distinct excitement," is another
He said both were no doubt true but he preferred the first as a starting point.
I've been toying with the idea that poetry is to the emotion what philosophy is to concept. So instead of your broad "art in the medium of language" definition (which philosophy also qualifies under) we would have "the art of presenting emotion in language".
After that I think your definition of greatness is exactly right. After all, a great poem would then improve our emotional apparatus (making us better able to express our desires--expanding that region of understanding).
The "essentialism" of this sort of statement can be tempered by (a) appealing to Dante's definition of a canzone above, (b) insisting on it only as a place to begin, and (c) not being an essentialist about emotions (which whales and dogs may also have, if you like that sort of thing).
You should come up with your own set of questions and let it loose as a web-meme. I'd be curious to see what you came up with.
-- Simon
OK so Ron don't like novels.
He don't like skulpture either ("Sculpture is what you bump into when you step back to look at a painting" - Barny Newman).
But Ron does say "One who uses language instrumentally, as a second-order mechanism to get at some “truths” that lie elsewhere is not only a bad writer, but a dishonest one."
Which seems pretty water tight to me.
Chekhov may have been using modernist devices but only to better communicate what he was trying to say.
We need to get away from the notion of communication, or the limited view that communication is the transfer of information from A to B.
Poetry is not about communication.
It is about celebration & communion.
A joining and a becoming.
Now then. If I understand correctly, you believe that true greatness expands the medium itself, rather than using acknowledge forms or tools to "do great things". So a poem could have wide impact and appeal without greatness.
Is there an equivalent from another world that you would say similarly "expanded possibilities"? Thelonious Monk's spareness and suspended 4ths? The split-fingered fastball? The backward storytelling of Sondheim's Merrily We Roll Along?
"After all, a great poem would then improve our emotional apparatus (making us better able to express our desires--expanding that region of understanding)."
I don't want a poem to make me better able to express my desires, I want it to make me a better person.
Wiser & less selfish.
So Ron, maybe there can be progress after all.
Really, the opposition imagined is anachronistic -- thank God -- for otherwise we haven't moved on even a little bit.
Just as an aside -- the remark about poets writing as if it were the fifties and so like lounge singers doing greatest hits from that era actually assumes that there is no fundamental strangness to poetry really: just a variety of stylings completely subsumed by the when that, I guess, always contains the why and what. Usually this is associated with a wanting to reduce strong poets (Get away Harold Bloom!) so that one may move on and feel good about it.
It's much more productive of good poetry to actually encounter what one assumes one has improved on or moved away from and let it stand apart and make demands on you. Not the happiest of ways to be, of course, since the usual cant seems so thin.
Why, oh why have people like you not the guts to sign your crap. It appears to me that Ron did what could be expected of him when he began the post by stating where the questions came from. As for the rights issue, only those who see an opportunity to get stinking rich could have a serious interest in maintaining the copyright laws as they stand. There is nowhere near enough money involved in poetry to warrant such a stance. (Metallica may gain enough from it so they don't have to worry about making fools of themselves). The only real injury that can be done to a writer, not counting bodily harm, is blocking access to his/her works.
Are your opinions this set in everyday life? Not a criticism of who you are. Just curious.
As for anonymity, I find debating with someone who can't even give a name closely resembles talking to a wall.
And Ron, I too would like to see how you would make these questions interesting.
The opposition between instrumental and non-instrumental approaches to language has been debunked and discredited as a heuristic by linguists, literary critics, and writers in general. At best, we could say these are two ways of examining language (i.e., the communication model and the self-referential or formalist model), but no piece of language qua language is either fully instrumental or fully removed from communication.
As far as Chekhov goes, he didn't "use" modernist techniques; he invented them. Nor can you reduce his use of parataxis to "better communication." The elipses of his late fiction (the anthology favorite, "The Lady With the Pet Dog" is a perfect example) make it impossible to find any communicable "message" behind the narrative. On one level, Chekhov's late fiction is about narrative itself: the limitations of realism, the fact that scientific objectivity pushed to its limits becomes pluralist subjectivity, etc. To oppose Chekhov to, say, Ron by saying Chekhov's fiction is an inter-office memo is intellectually dishonest.
At the same time, to say that Ron's poetry or other experimental verse has no "message," that it's in no ways instrumental is also dishonest. Behind all contemporary poetry are assumptions about cultural capital, ideas about how language works, ideas about white masculinity especially, etc. And form itself has a content: not expressive, but at least symptomatic. As Jameson might ask: what social contradictions are temporarily held together by the New Sentence? From the hip, I'd argue that avant poetry today, in its rejection of persona, unified voice, and lyrical situations, is trying to bridge the contradiction of the social totality. Avant forms at once show the impossibility of achieving a totalizing view of the social world at the same time that they simulate the social totality by tossing together various voices, dictions, allusions, social scenes, etc.
Literary form doesn't *ever* communicate like a memo, whether its Robert Lowell or Susan Howe we're talking about. As Suzanne Langer wrote, form is a map of feelings, not an expression of them. I'd add "thought" as well: artistic form *always* communicates a model of the mind at work.
Anon at noon wrote, "Poetry is not about communication. It is about celebration & communion. A joining and a becoming."
Tell that to Amiri Baraka, or Claude McKay, or Pound's fascist cantos, or Eliot's doomsday poems. No celebratin' or communionin' happnin' there.
1. Matt Merlino beats me to the punch on this point, but it's worth reinforcing: the opposition of poetic to instrumental language in the answer to #3 simply repeats the Russian Formalist's apophatic error (criticized by Bakhtin/Medvedev, pp. 86-98 or so in my paperback).
2. "But unless you think that the whales are chatting down there in that human cesspool we have made of the oceans, only humans truly have language." Ron Silliman is in good company to say so, but he is dead wrong on this point and needlessly trivializes the alternative.
Kevin
--MH
--MH
And I'd mention that calling anything a degraded form of something else -- the novel as degraded form of poetry revels in just the sort of essentialist gab and preoccupations that seem to be what is uninteresting.
What would it take to make your answers interesting? Forgoing easy dichtomies is a good start.
Or for an example not responding to a question on politics with the non sequitur that poetry is amoral. So is politics many a time if history can be believed. You assume that the question implies that the questioner assumes that poetry stands against politics -- the question only asks if there are deep associations.
Killing off poets might be one relationship between politics and poetry. Poetery killing off politics might be another.
And what can you mean that it is what poets do with it(poetry I guess) that matters? How can a medium exist as amoral when the only instances we have of it in the world is when it is used? Again, you are postulating something that exists apart from any wordly use -- an eternal realm of poesy (this time amoral) that is somehow not implicated in "essentialism."
Stop hiding. What difference does it make? If it makes no difference, then it shouldn't bother you to have an identity. If it makes a difference, well then the original issue stands.
Don't be soft. Have a name.
You make it sound as if it's so easy to identify a poem that advances the art technically, but as I'd wholly applaud you also say that there are many poetries, thus presumably many importances that different audiences might register. Identification of the relevant medium that is being stretched - that seems to me something to which only relativistic answers can be supplied. The underlying analogy that I believe you're tending to make between the activity of poets and the advancement of science (not to mention a biological idea of evolution) bristles with problems, some of them apparent, some perhaps experienced only as tensions - I can't sleep easily in this bed.
Former ages would have been no less upfront about associating "greatness" with a kind of superhuman task in verse, for example some form of giving expression to nationhood or reconciling man to God. It's clear to us now that these definitions express all-too-obvious historical preconceptions about what is important; my suggestion is that your phrase "expands our understanding of the possibilities of the medium itself" has the same background, and the word "itself" has a kind of kind of clinching intention; like when competing children say "same to you ten thousand times .. a million times .." until eventually someone tries to cap it with "INFINITY times!!" Behind this use of "itself" lies a sense of the hierarchy of academic disciplines: from the bottom, engineers, scientists in the field, theoretical science, philosophy of science, philosophy of philosophies... metaphysics, metapoetry..
But one cannot really "cap" history, and engagement with mediums, concern with linguistic potential etc, though they might sound timelessly relevant are in fact politically and culturally limited conceptions with no particular privilege other than that it's what we happen to be saying at the moment.
http://graywyvern.blogspot.com/2004_03_07_graywyvern_archive.html#107910876728837070
m.
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